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Aldakortasun genetikoa giza populazioetan: hautespen naturalaren eragina 22. kromosomako geneetan

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Date
2020-01-16
Author
Zabala García, Aitor
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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10810/38490
Abstract
[EUS] Giza aldakortasuna populazio baten eta populazioen arteko genomak bereizten dituzten desberdintasun genetikoen multzoa da. Giza aldakortasuna populazio arbasoen historiaren erakusle da, eta populazioek jasan duten hautespen naturala aztertzea ahalbidetzen du. Lan honen helburua izan da giza populazio desberdinen 22. kromosomaren aldakortasuna aztertzea, eta hautespen naturalaren eragina jasan duten 22. kromosomaren geneak identifikatzea eta aztertzea. Horretarako, 1000 Genomen datu-basean Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) 0,4 baino altuagoa zuten 22. kromosomako Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) hautatu ziren, eta SNP horien fixation index (FST) kalkulatu ziren. Emaitzek agerian utzi zituzten hautespen naturalaren eraginpean zeuden geneak, eta populazio bakoitzak oztopoei aurre egiteko garatutako moldapenak. Aurrera begira, populazio bakoitzaren historia zehatzago ezagut dezagun, etorkizuneko ikerketek hautespenaren eraginpean dauden geneak aztertu eta hautespenaren kausak azter ditzakete. Esate baterako, APOBEC3 geneek jasan duten hautespena aztertu zen, eta ondorioztatu zen APOBEC geneek zuten aldakortasun genetikoaren eragile zela gizakia Afrikatik irten zenean topatutako erretrobirus berriak.
 
[EN] Human diversity differs within and between population genomes. It provides information about the ancestry and the natural selection as effect among populations. The objective of this work is to analyze the diversity of the 22nd chromosome in different populations, and to identify and analyze regions under natural selection for further research. For doing so, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) with a Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) higher than 0.4 were chosen from the 1000 Genome Project and their fixation indexes (FST) were calculated. The results uncovered genes under natural selection and the adaptations each population developed to overcome changes. Looking ahead, future studies can analyze genes under natural selection in order to clarify reasons for that selection and more information about the populations themselves. For instance, selection in the APOBEC3 genes was analyzed in this work and retroviruses were identified (found by humans in the out of Africa event) as the main responsible for the high diversity found in those genes.
 
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