| dc.description.abstract | This work argues that the Basque Country -the country of Basque language- is an ethnic and cultural, and at the same time, civic nation, and after discussing the notion following the works of Todorov, Artaud, Rousseau, Connor and Tonnies, among others, it aims at clarifying the distinction between ethnos and pathos. The sovereignty of a country is the source of ethnos, whereas the sovereignty of the city is the source of demos. Both are found in a political community, either in the made up nation built by the state or in a historical nation without a state. The problem is to what extent these two concepts are compatible and to what extent are not, especially when the transversality of social phenomena makes a leap from the right to self-determination of the countries to the citizens’ right to decide. This problem is manifest in the case of the Basque Country and Catalonia, which want to built their independent states or republics. The citizenship has its roots in the state. And when the state sees its territorial unity to be in danger, it ignites the ghost of two communities in the subdued nations. In the concluding section, the recovery of Basque language and the territorial unity are taken as an indispensable basis, among others for a future independent Basque Country. It is also reminded that state-nations are in crisis and national liberations on the rise. In Europe there were 24 states at the beginning of 20th century; today there are more than 50.; Euskal Herria -euskararen herria- nazio etniko eta kulturala eta, aldi berean, zibikoa ere badela enuntziatu eta, besteak beste, Todorov, Artaud, Rousseau, Connor eta Tonniesek diotenaren argitan mugatu ondoren, ethnosen eta demosen arteko bereizketa zertan datzan zehazten da lan honetan. Ethnosek herri-subiranotasuna du iturri; demosek, aldiz, hiri-subiranotasuna. Biak gauzatzen dira komunitate politiko batean, nola estatuak eraikitako nazio asmatuan hala estaturik gabeko nazio historiko batean. Bi kontzeptu horiek zein neurritan diren bateragarriak, zeinetan ez, da arazoa, batez ere, gizarte-fenomenoen transbertsalitateak herrien autodeterminatzeko eskubidetik hiritarren erabakitzeko eskubiderako jauzia eman duen une historiko honetan. Arazo hau agerikoa da beren estatu edo errepublika independentea eraiki nahi duten Euskal Herriaren eta Kataluniaren kasuan. Hiritartasunak bere erroak estatuan ditu. Eta estatuak, bere lurralde-batasuna arriskuan ikusten duenean, nazio menperatuetan bi komunitateren arteko mamua pizten du. Ondorioetan, eraikitzear dagoen Euskal Herri independente batean, ezinbesteko oinarritzat jotzen dira, besteak beste, euskararen berreskurapena eta lurralde-batasuna. Eta, bide batez, estatu-nazioak krisian sartuta daudela eta askapen nazionalak goraka doazela gogoratzen da. Europan XX. mende hasieran 24 estatu ziren eta egun 50etik gora dira. | |
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