Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from the Oiola Site (Biscay, Spain) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages
dc.contributor.author | Portillo Blanco, Haizea | |
dc.contributor.author | Zuluaga Ibargallartu, María Cruz | |
dc.contributor.author | Ortega Cuesta, Luis Ángel | |
dc.contributor.author | Alonso Olazabal, Ainhoa | |
dc.contributor.author | Cepeda Ocampo, Juan José | |
dc.contributor.author | Martínez Salcedo, Ana | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-05-19T12:25:17Z | |
dc.date.available | 2020-05-19T12:25:17Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2020-04-03 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Minerals 10(4): (2020) // Article ID 321 | es_ES |
dc.identifier.issn | 2075-163X | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10810/43273 | |
dc.description.abstract | The Oiola archeological site, located in the mining complex of La Arboleda (Biscay, North Spain) was an important iron smelting center from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages and even in more current times (19th–20th centuries). Tap-slags and some plano-convex slags were identified as smelting slags. Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy to perform a mineralogical and textural characterization. Additionally, thermogravimetric and thermodiffraction analyses were carried out to determine furnace operating temperatures. The mineral assemblage reflects furnace temperatures and cooling rates and the addition of quartz as the main flux to decrease the melting temperature of the iron ore. The comparison of slags from the Roman Period and the Middle Age reveals changes in the pyrometallurgical process through time. | es_ES |
dc.description.sponsorship | H.P.-B. would like to thank the PRE-2019-2-0138 PhD research grant of the Basque Country Government and the SGIker service at the University of the Basque Country. The authors thank anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank Peter Smith for language assistance. | es_ES |
dc.language.iso | eng | es_ES |
dc.publisher | MDPI | es_ES |
dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | es_ES |
dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/ | |
dc.subject | smelting slags | es_ES |
dc.subject | archaeological slags | es_ES |
dc.subject | furnace operating conditions | es_ES |
dc.subject | Roman Period | es_ES |
dc.subject | Middle Age | es_ES |
dc.subject | North Spain | es_ES |
dc.title | Mineralogical Characterization of Slags from the Oiola Site (Biscay, Spain) to Assess the Development in Bloomery Iron Smelting Technology from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages | es_ES |
dc.type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article | es_ES |
dc.date.updated | 2020-05-14T13:56:18Z | |
dc.rights.holder | 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). | es_ES |
dc.relation.publisherversion | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/4/321 | es_ES |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.3390/min10040321 | |
dc.departamentoes | Mineralogía y petrología | |
dc.departamentoeu | Mineralogia eta petrologia |
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).